Studija u časopisu Nature otkriva da radilice grade specijalizovane voskane komore za buduće matice koje imaju drugačiju strukturu, višu tačku topljenja i specifičan hemijski miris. Te karakteristike, uz zagrevanje toraksa graditeljki iznad 39°C, verovatno deluju kao dodatni signal koji usmerava larvu da postane matica. Nalazi bi mogli pomoći pčelarima u uzgoju zdravijih matica i otvaraju nova pitanja o sličnim mehanizmima kod drugih društvenih insekata.
Radilice Grade „Kraljevsku Palatu“ Za Maticu — Vosak, Miris I Toplota Mogu Odrediti Sudbinu Larve
Honeybees move around queen cells on a honeycomb frame inside a beehive, in this handout picture taken at the National Botanical Garden, in Beijing, China, June 18, 2021, released on June 3, 2026. Kai Wang/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Handout via REUTERS
Autorka: Marta Serafinko — 10. juni (Reuters)
Novo istraživanje objavljeno u časopisu Nature pokazuje da pčele radilice ne samo da hrane buduću maticu kraljevskim mlekom, već i grade posebno dizajnirane voskane komore čija fizička i hemijska svojstva aktivno utiču na razvoj larve.
„Kraljevska ishrana ne vredi ništa bez kraljevske palate“
Do sada se smatralo da isključiva uloga u pretvaranju larve u maticu pripada prehrani — sekretu poznatom kao kraljevsko mleko. Međutim, istraživači sa Instituta za apikulturu pri Kineskoj akademiji nauka otkrili su da su ćelije za matice (kraljičine ćelije) mnogo više od pasivnog kontejnera: one imaju mekši vosak, višu tačku topljenja i oslobađaju različit hemijski miris koji može delovati kao biološki signal.
„Kraljevska ishrana ne vredi ništa bez kraljevske palate,“ rekao je Kai Wang, jedan od autora studije.
Studija, rađena na zapadnoj medonosnoj pčeli, pokazuje da larve smeštene u vosak radiličnih ćelija, čak i kad dobiju kraljevsko mleko, razvijaju se lošije i imaju veću smrtnost u poređenju sa larvama u pravim kraljičinim ćelijama. To sugeriše da kombinacija mirisa i fizičkog okruženja — „miris i osećaj“ voska — igra ključnu ulogu u preobražaju larve u maticu.
Ko gradi kraljičine ćelije i kako to rade
Istraživači su otkrili da pčele koje prave kraljičine ćelije nisu posebna trajna kasta, već mlade, fleksibilne radilice koje preuzimaju ovaj zadatak kada je potrebno. Te radilice podižu temperaturu toraksa iznad 39°C i pokazuju privremene promene u ekspresiji gena kako bi proizvele vosak sa višom tačkom topljenja.
„Da bi oblikovale ovaj poseban vosak sa visokom tačkom topljenja, ove mlade pčele moraju da pretvore svoja tela u male 'žive peći', zagrevajući toraks iznad 39 stepeni Celzijusa,“ rekao je Wang.
Šta sledeće?
Autori napominju da studija još nije identifikovala precizan molekularni faktor u vosku koji aktivira geneski program larve. Sledeći korak biće pronalaženje tog „molekularnog prekidača“ — konkretne hemikalije ili fizičkog signala koji larvinoj DNK govori „Ti ćeš biti matica."
Imajući u vidu važnost matica za zdravlje kolonija i ulogu pčela u oprašivanju poljoprivrednih useva, rezultati mogu pomoći pčelarima da uzgajaju otpornije i zdravije matice. Autori dodaju da slični mehanizmi mogu postojati i kod drugih društvenih insekata poput termita, osa i pčela bez žala.
(Izvestila Marta Serafinko u Gdanjsku, Poljska; uredio Will Dunham)
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